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I Series Bulletin No. 2 

THE INSTITUTE OF 



INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION 



OPPORTUNITIES FOR HIGHER EDUCATION 

IN ITALY 

By 
Kenneth McKenzie, Ph.D. 

Cavaliere della Corona d' Italia 

Professor of Romance Languages and Literature in the 

University of Illinois 







NEW YORK 
MARCH I, I92I 



^on^grnph 



The Institute of International Education 

419 West 1 17th Street, New York 
Stephen P. Duggan, Ph.D. 



DIRECTOR 



Mary L. Waite 

EXECUTIVE SECRETARY 



Telephone: Morningsidc 7419 



Cable Address: <<Intered' 



ADMINISTRATIVE BOARD 



Herman V. Ames 
L. H. Baekeland 
William Lowe Bryan 
Nicholas Murray Butler 
Stephen Pierce Duggan 
Dr. Walter B. James 
Alice Duer Miller 



Paul Monroe 
John B asset t Moore 
Henry Morgenthau 
Dwight W. Morrow 
E. H. Outerbridge 
Henry S. Pritchett 
Mary E. Woolley 



bureau divisions 



Europe 
Far East 
Latin America 

Scholarships and Fellowships 
International Relations Clubs 



Stephen P. Duggan 
Paul Monroe 
Peter H. Goldsmith 
Virginia Newcomb 
Margaret C. Alexander 



REPRESENTATIVE IN ITALY 

Dr. H. Blakiston Wilkins American Academy in Rome 
Porta San Pancrazio, Rome 



THE INSTITUTE OF 
INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION 



OPPORTUNITIES FOR HIGHER EDUCATION 

IN ITALY 



By 



Kenneth McKenzie, Ph.D. 

Cavaliere della Corona d' Italia 

Professor of Romance Languages and Literature in the 

University of Illinois 




NEW YORK 
MARCH I, I92I 






' nstltntlaf* 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Fage 

General Statement 9 

1. Primary and Secondary Schools 12 

2. Higher Education; Organization of the Universities . 14 

3. Requirements for Admission 21 

4. Fees 22 

5. Requirements for Graduation; Examinations. ... 23 

6. Courses of Study under the Several Faculties .... 25 

Faculty of Law 25 

Faculty of Medicine and Surgery 26 

Faculty of Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences 27 

Faculty of Letters and Philosophy 28 

Engineering School 30 

School of Pharmacy 3 1 

Veterinary School 32 

Higher Commercial School 32 

7. The New Doctorate 34 

8. Choosing a University 36 

9. Universities and Professional Schools 39 

Turin 39 

The University 
The Royal Polytechnic 
Veterinary School 
Commercial School 

Genoa 40 

The University 
Naval School 
Commercial School 

Milan 41 

Academy of Science and Literature 
Higher Technical Institute 



Milan — Continued Page 

Post-graduate Clinics 
Veterinary School 
Agricultural School 
Academy of Fine Arts 
Conservatory of Music 
Bocconi Commercial University 

Pavia 45 

The University 

Padua 45 

The University 

Venice 47 

Institute of Fine Arts 
Higher Commercial School 

Bologna 47 

The University 

Ferrara 48 

The University 

Mddena 48 

The University 

Parma 49 

The University 

Florence 49 

Institute of Higher Studies 
Institute of Social Sciences 
Higher Normal School for Women 
Institut Frangais de Florence 

Pisa 51 

The University 

Siena 51 

The University 



Page 
Macerata 52 

The University 

Camerino 52 

The University 

Urbino 52 

The University Libera 

Perugia 53 

The University 

Rome 53 

The University 

The Engineering School 

Higher Commercial School 

Higher Normal School for Women 

School of Fine Arts 

School of Music 

Pontifical Gregorian University 

International Institute of Agriculture 

The American Academy in Rome 

Naples 57 

The University 
Polytechnic 
Veterinary School 
Oriental Institute 

Bari 58 

Higher Commercial School 

Palermo 58 

The University 

Catania 59 

The University 

Messina 59 

The University 



Page 
Cagliari 60 

The University 

Sassari ^^ 

The University 

10. Learned Societies 60 



PREFACE 

Many Americans think of Italy as a country of splendid 
history and interesting ruins. They are unaware of its 
remarkable progress in the activities that characterize 
the most advanced nations of today. They do not know 
of the great work done in its technical schools in the 
field of applied as well as of pure science which is so 
largely responsible for its industrial development. Nor 
do they know of the reputation of its distinguished scholars 
in the various humanistic subjects. This little guide to 
the Italian universities, other institutions of higher 
learning, technical schools, and higher institutions of 
education for girls, is intended for the American student 
who desires to study in Italy. It does not attempt to 
be exhaustive, but aims to provide prospective students 
with such information as will enable them to choose 
intelligently their place as well as their course of study. 

The Institute is most fortunate in securing the services 
of Professor McKenzie to write this booklet. One of 
America's foremost authorities on Italian culture, highly 
regarded in Italian University circles, formerly Director 
of the Rome branch of the American University Union 
in Europe, he is particularly well qualified to inform 
Americans concerning things educational in Italy. 

Stephen P. Duggan 

Director 



THE INSTITUTE OF 
INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION 

Opportunities for Higher Education in Italy 

GENERAL STATEMENT 

The educational system of Italy is centralized under the 
control of the State. Professors in the Universities are 
state officials, who are appointed, and supervised by the 
government under the direction of the Ministry of Public 
Instruction. Determination of the courses of study and of 
the requirements for the degrees, as well as of the preroga- 
tives attached to the holding of the degrees, is likewise the 
exclusive province of the State. The Universities and other 
institutions of higher learning have for their double pur- 
pose to train for official and professional occupations, and 
to maintain and develop the literary and scientific culture 
of the nation. In spite of their having been until the 
second half of the nineteenth century free from any sort 
of centralized control, the organization of the Faculties is 
now, with a few minor exceptions, uniform throughout 
Italy. Some institutions have greater resources and offer a 
wider range of subjects for study than others; some lack 
the full number of Faculties ; but the requirements for the 
degrees, including the prescribed studies, are identical in 
all the Universities; the standard is assumed to be iden- 
tical; and in their legal value the degrees, wherever ob- 
tained, are equivalent. 

This educational system is based on the so-called Legge 
Casati, a law approved by the King of Sardinia on Nov. 
I3> i859> which provided uniform regulations for all insti- 
tutions of primary, secondary and higher grades. The 
law has been modified and extended by subsequent 



10 Institute of International Education 

enactments ; all the provisions relating to higher education 
were codified in the Testo Unico delle Leggi suU' Istru- 
zione Superiore, approved by Royal Decree on August 9, 
1 9 10. This body of law is elaborated by the Regolamento 
Generale Universitario, also approved in 1910; since that 
time few changes have been adopted. The law of 1859 
applied only to the Kingdom of Sardinia, which included 
beside the island of that name, Piedmont, Lombardy, 
Genoa, and Savoy. The Universities concerned were 
those of Turin, the capital of Piedmont; Genoa; Pavia, 
in Lombardy, joined to Piedmont earlier in the same year; 
and Cagliari and Sassari on the island of Sardinia. Provi- 
sion was made for establishing institutions of University 
grade in Milan and also in Chamb^ry, the capital of Savoy. 
Within the next two years, the Kingdom of Italy was 
formed by the union of Central and Southern Italy, 
including Sicily but excluding Rome, with the regions 
named. Savoy, however, was annexed to France. Thus 
the number of Universities in the kingdom was increased 
by Bologna and Macerata, as well as the four "free" Uni- 
versities of Ferrara, Urbino, Camxrino and Perugia, in the 
former States of the Church; by Parma and Modena in 
the former Duchies ; by Pisa and Siena in Tuscany, as well 
as the Institute of Higher Studies established in Florence 
in i860; and by Naples, Palermo, Messina, and Catania in 
the former Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. In 1866, Venetia, 
with the University of Padua, joined Italy; and in 1870, 
the city of Rome with its University. From 1870, until 
Italy declared war on Austria in 191 5, her boundaries 
remained unchanged. 

Thus there are seventeen Royal Universities (Regie 
Universita) in Italy, beside the four "free" Universities. 
The latter are supported not by the State, but by local 
or provincial bodies; and they have a certain autonomy. 
Their courses and degrees are accepted, however, as 



Higher Education in Italy 1 1 

equivalent in legal effect to those of the Royal Univer- 
sities. Furthermore, there are a number of other institu- 
tions of University grade. The Faculties of the Institute 
in Florence and the Academy in Milan are University 
Faculties in all but name, and in fact are among the most 
important in the Kingdom. In some cases the Engineer- 
ing schools are affiliated with the Scientific Faculty of a 
University (Rome, Bologna, Pisa), and the technical 
engineering studies are taken up after two preparatory 
years under that Faculty; in Turin and Milan, however, 
there are separate Polytechnic Institutes giving the 
complete five year course for the degree in Engineering. 
There are also Higher Veterinary Schools in Milan, Turin, 
and Naples ; a Naval School in Genoa ; four Observator- 
ies; and an organization for advanced clinical work in 
Medicine and Surgery, in Milan. These are all, as already 
stated, under the control of the Ministry of Public Instruc- 
tion. The Higher Commercial Schools of Turin, Genoa, 
Milan, Venice, Rome, and Bari are under the control of 
the Ministry of Industry, Commerce, and Labor; the 
Higher Agricultural Schools are under the control of the 
Ministry of Agriculture. Theology, once the chief study 
in many of the Universities, is since 1873, excluded from 
them all, and is taught in Church Schools, of which the 
most important are in Rome. 

Some of the institutions mentioned owe their existence 
to the fact that until the formation of the Kingdom of 
Italy, the territory now occupied by it consisted of sepa- 
rate and often antagonistic units, some of them controlled 
by foreign nations, and all of them tenacious of their tradi- 
tions and prestige. After Rome became the capital of the 
united Kingdom, the local and regional feelings continued, 
and it was found inexpedient to abolish any of the Uni- 
versities which had arisen in the separate states, and which 
formed cultural centers of greater or less importance. 



12 Institute of International Education 

Thus Parma and Modena, formerly independent duchies, 
have preserved their Universities in spite of the nearness 
of Milan, Pavia and Padua on the north and of Bologna 
on the south. Since 1870, new technical schools of 
University grade have been established, but no new 
Universities. 

In 1824, the Bull Quod Divina Sapientia, issued by Leo 
XII, classified the Universities of Rome and Bologna as of 
the first grade, the others in the States of the Church 
(Ferrara, Perugia, Macerata, Camerino and Fermo) as of 
the second grade. Urbino, suppressed in 1808, was 
revived in 1826, and classified as second grade ; Fermo was 
suppressed. The Legge Matteucci in 1862, classified as of 
second grade Genoa, Parma, Modena, Macerata, Siena, 
Messina, and Cagliari. Sassari attained second grade in 
1877. These all, between 1876 and 1902, were raised to the 
first grade (pareggiati) . The "free" Universities also are 
now accepted as of first grade; they conform to the pro- 
grams of study laid down for the Royal Universities. 

Before describing in more detail in the following pages 
the separate Universities and the other institutions of 
particular interest to foreign students, it will be well to 
state the features which are common to all, and the gen- 
eral rules and principles which govern higher education. 

I. Primary and Secondary Schools. Italian education 
is based on a system of schools beginning with Elementary, 
continuing with Secondary, and ending with Higher Insti- 
tutions. The entire system is controlled by the Ministry 
of Public Instruction (Ministero della Pubblica Istruzi- 
one), having at its head the Minister (Ministro della 
Pubblica Istruzione), and a Council (Consiglio Superiore) . 
This Council, presided over by the Minister, is composed 
of six Senators elected by the Senate, six Deputies elected 
by the Chamber, and of other persons appointed by the 



Higher Education in Italy 13 

Minister, some of them nominated by University faculties. 
It possesses important but not exclusive functions in the 
determination of educational policy, and in recommending 
the appointment or removal of professors. The Elemen- 
tary Schools (Scuole Elementari) have a course of six 
years, which pupils finish between the ages of 12 and 14. 
After the fourth year, however, they may transfer to the- 
Secondary Schools (Scuole Medie) ; these have a course of 
eight years, divided between the Ginnasio {^ve years) and 
the Liceo (three years), and are called Classical or Mod- 
em, according to the subjects taught. Graduating from 
the Liceo at about the age of eighteen, the student receives 
the Licenza Liceale, which admits him to the University. 
There are also Technical Schools of Secondary grade — the 
Scuola Tecnica with a course of three years, followed by 
the Istituto Tecnico with a course of four years ; these do 
not give the right to enter the University, except that the 
Physics- Mathematics course admits to the Faculty of 
Sciences and to the Engineering Schools, and the Agricul- 
tural course admits to the School of Pharmacy. The 
course of the Ginnasio and Liceo includes Italian, Latin, 
History and Geography, and Mathematics throughout 
the eight years ; the Liceo has Physics and Chemistry for 
three years. The Ginnasi and Licei Classici have Greek 
for ^Ye years, French for three. Philosophy for three, while 
the Ginnasi and Licei Modemi have English or German in 
place of Greek, four years of French, two years of Philoso- 
phy. Finally, there are Normal Schools (Scuole Normali) 
of Secondary grade for boys and for girls, which do not 
admit to candidacy for University degrees ; the girls who 
graduate from them are, however, admitted to the Higher 
Normal Schools of Rome and Florence (Istituto Superioie 
di Magistero Femminile), and special courses for the 
graduates of the Normal Schools are given in many Uni- 
versities. 



14 Institute of International Education 

2. Higher Education; Organization of the Universities. 
Higher education is controlled by a bureau of the Minis- 
try of Public Instruction, the Direzione Generale per I'ls- 
truzione Superiore, under a Direttore Generale. Each 
University consists of Faculties, together with Institutes, 
Schools, Libraries, Laboratories, Clinics, and other similar 
organizations, either forming an integral part of the 
University or affiliated with it. The administration of the 
University is carried on, under the direction of the Minis- 
ter, by the Rector, the Deans of Faculties and Directors 
of Schools, the Academic Council, the Faculty Councils, 
and the Assembly of all the Professors. The Rector (Ret- 
tore) is one of the Professors chosen by the Crown from a 
list of three candidates proposed by the Assembly of Pro- 
fessors; the appointment is annual, but is frequently 
renewed. In Naples, however, the Rector is elected 
directly by the Professors for a term of two years. The 
Rector is the responsible administrative officer of the 
University; he confers the degrees in the name of the 
King, presides over the meetings of the Academic Council 
and the Assembly of Professors, maintains discipline, and 
makes an annual report to the Minister. It may be said 
that his position carries with it less authority and influ- 
ence than that of a University President in America. 
Each Faculty has as Dean or Presiding Officer (Preside) 
and each School as Director (Direttore), one of its own 
members, either chosen by the Faculty itself, appointed 
by the Crown, or serving in rotation. The Academic Coun- 
cil (Consiglio Accademico) consists of the Rector, Deans 
and Directors, together with their immediate predecessors 
in the same offices; its duties are largely advisory, but it 
has certain definite powers — for instance, in regard to 
passing upon the credentials of foreign students. The 
Council of each Faculty (Consiglio di Facolta) consists of 
all the Professors in that Faculty; it arranges the pro- 



Higher Education in Italy 15 



gram of study and the general educational policy, in con- 
formity with the law. The Assembly of all the Professors 
in the University (Assemblea Generale dei Professori) 
may be convoked by the Minister or on the initiative 
of the Professors themselves, for purposes of discussion, 
and for the nomination of candidates for the Rectorship. 

Certain subjects of study under each Faculty are 
regarded as fundamental (materie costitutive) ; they are 
not necessarily taken by every student, but they must 
always be offered. Other subjects (materie complemen- 
tari) are offered, particularly by the Faculties of Letters 
and Philosophy, varying in number and character accord- 
ing to the size and the resources of the University. Every 
Faculty must have one professorship, and only one, for 
each of the fundamental subjects. If a professorship is 
vacant, a Professor of an allied subject, or of the same 
subject in another Faculty, or some other qualified person 
is put in charge of it temporarily as Acting Professor 
(Professore Incaricato). In this case he may do double 
duty for the time being. At present there are an unusually 
large number of Incaricati, since during the War, in fair- 
ness to the younger candidates who were absent on military 
service, the usual competitions for regular appointment 
were suspended. Professorships in the complementary 
subjects are established by special decree. 

The Professors are of two grades, Ordinario and Straordi- 
nario, corresponding in a general way to Professors and 
Assistant- Professors in America. The total number in all 
the Royal Universities and Institutes of Higher Education 
is fixed by law: 905 Professori Ordinari, 242 Professori 
Straordinari. These figures do not include the free Univer- 
sities. The basis of appointment is a competition (con- 
corso). The Minister announces what professorships are 
vacant, and within four months after the announcement 
the candidates for these positions send to the Minister a 



1 6 Institute of International Education 



statement of their qualifications and copies of their pub- 
lications. They are sometimes required to deliver a speci- 
men lecture. The Minister appoints a Commission of 
five Professors nominated by the University faculties, to 
examine the applications and propose in order of merit the 
best three of the candidates; from this list of three (terna) 
the appointment is made by Royal Decree, with the 
advice of the Consiglio Superiore. This is the usual method 
in the case of appointing a Professore Ordinario; excep- 
tionally, however, in the case of a man of great distinction, 
the Minister recommends the candidate to the King with- 
out any competition, on the basis of his scientific reputa- 
tion. The Professore Straordinario is appointed by the 
Minister after a similar competition, for the term of one 
year, at the end of which he is regularly reappointed. After 
three years of continuous service he becomes permanent 
(stabile), and is then eligible for promotion to the rank of 
Ordinario. Four-fifths of the Professors begin as Straor- 
dinario and are promoted on the basis of their continued 
scientific activity and achievement. 

The Professors of both grades are termed Official Instruc- 
tors (Insegnanti Ufficiali). In addition, a considerable 
amount of instruction, especially in the larger Universities, 
is given on an unofficial basis by teachers who receive no 
fixed salary, but who in other respects correspond to the 
Instructors in an American University. They are of two 
classes — Dottori Aggregati and Liberi Docenti. The 
Dottori Aggregati are at present found only in the Univer- 
sities which in 1859 were regulated by the Casati Law (Tu- 
rin, Genoa, Pavia, Cagliari, and Sassari), and in the Free 
University of Perugia. They are selected by competition 
among candidates who have had the doctor's degree for at 
least two years ; they are authorized to substitute for the 
official Professors, to conduct examinations, and to offer 
courses. They receive payment for the work which they 



Higher Education in Italy 17 

actually do. The Liberi Decent i are found in all the 
Universities, sometimes far outnumbering the official Pro- 
fessors. They are authorized by the Minister on the basis 
of an examination, which consists in presenting a disserta- 
tion and delivering a specimen lecture, or on the basis of 
their scientific preparation. They may offer courses in 
the same subjects as the official Professors, and receive a 
portion of the tuition fees paid by the students who regis- 
ter in their courses. In most cases these courses are 
accepted for credit toward the degree (pareggiati) . The 
Liberi Docenti are frequently scholars of maturity and 
distinction, who thus maintain connection with the 
Universities and give such instruction as they desire, 
without being held to the often onerous duties of the offi- 
cial Professors. Their courses greatly enrich the offerings 
of the Faculties. For instance, a University has but one 
Professor of Italian Literature ; but a considerable number 
of courses in Italian Literature may be given by Liberi 
Docenti, each treating a separate portion of the subject. 
Particularly in the Medical Faculties, owing to the necessi- 
ties of clinical instruction, there are immense numbers of 
Liberi Docenti. In the Medical Faculty at Rome, for 
example, there were, in 1918-1919, twenty Professori 
Ordinari, three Professori Straordinari, eight Professori 
Incaricati, and about two hundred and twenty-five Liberi 
Docenti. 

The four regular Faculties which are found in the com- 
plete Universities are those of Law; Medicine and Sur- 
gery; Physical, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences; 
Letters and Philosophy. The course is of four years in the 
case of Law, Sciences, and Letters; of six years in the case 
of Medicine. These courses lead to the degree (laurea) of 
Doctor (Dottore). The full course of the Engineering 
School, whether or not it is connected with a University, is 
of five years, and leads to the degrees of Engineer (Ingeg- 



1 8 Institute of International Education 

nere) or of Architect (Architetto). Since the degrees con- 
fer legal rights in connection with practising the profes- 
sions, the courses are regarded as professional rather than 
cultural. It is obvious, then, that in Italy there is no 
institution corresponding to the typical American Col- 
lege, in which the purpose is to develop the general intel- 
lectual equipment of the student by forcing him, after he 
has finished his secondary studies and before he begins his 
professional training, to study a wide variety of subjects, 
including some that are remote from his main interest. 
Even the typical American College Faculty, that of Arts 
and Sciences, becomes two; in Italy, Latin and Mathe- 
matics are not taught by the same Faculty. 

On leaving the Liceo and entering the University, the 
Italian student enrolls under one of the Faculties for his 
strictly professional work. This explains why the Faculty 
of Letters and Philosophy is frequently absent, and 
attracts fewer students than the other Faculties; it gives 
professional training like the others, but the professions 
for which it prepares offer fewer opportunities. In kind 
therefore, though not necessarily'' in grade of advance- 
ment, the work corresponds to that of the Graduate School 
or one of the Professional Schools of an American Univer- 
sity. The Italian student in his first year in the Univer- 
sity has already covered ground which is equivalent to the 
preparatory course and a substantial part of the college 
course of an American student; although of about the 
same age as an American freshman, he is on the average at 
least two years more mature. He is thrown entirely upon 
his own responsibility, not only in regard to his conduct 
outside the precincts of the University, but in regard to 
his studies. The most ample opportunities for learning 
are open to him, but he is allowed to make such use of 
them as he chooses. For instance, he is required to regis- 
ter in a certain number of courses, but after registering he 



Higher Education in Italy 19 

is not obliged to attend the lectures. The whole stress is 
laid on his passing the final examination in each course 
(esame speciale) , and at graduation a general examination 
(esame di laurea, esame di diploma), the chief feature of 
which is the presentation of his dissertation. In fact, the 
students do as a rule attend the lectures with considerable 
regularity, but they are at liberty to prepare for the exam- 
inations in other ways if they prefer. The lectures are 
open freely to the public, and others beside the enrolled 
students often are present; no attempt is made to record 
the attendance, to adapt the instruction to individuals, or 
to test the progress of the students. Many of the Profes- 
sors, however, give seminar courses and training courses 
to small classes, in which the recitation method is used ; 
they give such courses, if they wish, in addition to their 
regular lectures, and receive no extra compensation for so 
doing. The advanced courses (corsi di perfezionamento) 
are sometimes reserved for graduates (laureati). In most 
Universities there are courses offered by the Faculty of 
Letters for graduates of the Normal Schools who are not 
candidates for the doctorate (Corso di perfezionamento 
per i Licenziati dalle Scuole Normali); and under the 
Faculties of Letters and of Sciences there is usually a series 
of courses in methods of teaching (Scuola di Magistero) 
for those among the regular University students who are 
fitting themselves to teach. These special courses are 
conducted by the regular Professors of the Faculties, and 
in them the instruction is more in the way of training and 
guidance of individuals than in the case of the official lec- 
ture courses. 

In order to be eligible to teach modem foreign languages 
in the Secondary Schools of Italy, the candidate must be a 
graduate (licenziato) of a Liceo, Istituto tecnico, or Scuola 
Normale; and must then pass a strict examination, given 
at stated times in several of the Universities. These exam- 



20 Institute of International Education 

inations, which are open to foreigners who have equivalent 
preparation, consist of written and oral tests in Italian and 
in the foreign language, with questions on the literature, 
and in a demonstration lecture on a subject assigned sev- 
eral hours beforehand. Candidates for these examinations 
prepare in any way they wish — by private lessons, travel 
abroad, study in Italian institutions where language-train- 
ing is offered — and usually take two or three years for the 
preparation. They can take the examination for only one 
language at a time, but can take others later. The lan- 
guages provided for are French, German, English, and Span- 
ish. Of these, French is the most important because taught 
in practically every secondary school; it may be studied, 
for instance, in the Institut Frangais at Florence. English 
and German also are taught in the Licei Moderni and 
Istituti Tecnici; Spanish, with the other three languages, 
in the Higher Commercial Schools. The Academy in 
Milan has a special School of Modem Languages, and the 
larger Universities have courses in modem languages and 
literatures. This system of examinations is regulated by a 
Royal Decree of April i6, 1908. 

While intended for students of about the same age as 
American undergraduates, the regular courses in the Ital- 
ian Universities are frequently so specialized and advanced 
as to be fully up to the requirements and the capacity of 
our graduate students. The Professors often vary the 
subject of their lectures from year to year, and embody 
in them the results of their latest researches. They are 
readily accessible to serious advanced students, and are 
generous with advice and assistance — for example, in 
connection with the writing of theses. The language of 
instruction, of examinations, and of the dissertation is 
Italian; except that in courses in foreign language and 
literature, the language in question may be used. For- 
eigners coming to Italy for any purpose will naturally 



Higher Education in Italy 2 1 

find a knowledge of Italian advantageous; in particular, 
those entering the University must be able to read it and 
to understand it when spoken. Fortunately it is not diffi- 
cult to acquire sufficient command of the language for 
these purposes. Anyone coming to Italy during the sum- 
mer and spending the months preceding the opening of the 
University year in studying the language, should be able 
to understand the lectures, as well as ordinary conversa- 
tion. Those who have studied Italian in school or college 
in Ameiica will of course find their progress after reaching 
Italy greatly facilitated. 

3. Requirements for Admission. For admission to the 
University, graduation from a Liceo (licenza liceale) is 
required ; or, in the case of the Faculty of Sciences or Engi- 
neering School, graduation from an Istituto Tecnico is also 
accepted. But foreigners who have completed the entrance 
requirements of an approved University in their own coun- 
try are thereby qualified to enter the Italian Universities. 
If they have received credit for University studies, they 
may without examination receive corresponding credit in 
an Italian University, and be admitted to advanced stand- 
ing. In each case, the credentials must be approved by 
the Academic Council. If they have received a degree 
from a University of approved standing, and can prove 
that they have studied all the subjects required for one of 
the regular degrees in Italy, they are not obliged to study 
in residence or to take the examinations in the separate 
subjects, but may present themselves directly for the final 
examination for the degree which they desire. In any 
case they should bring from the institutions where they 
have previously studied, certificates showing clearly and 
in detail the nature and extent of the courses for which 
they have credit. Failure to be provided with such certifi- 
cates, properly authenticated with the seal of the institu- 



22 Institute of International Education 

tion, may cause delay and embarrassment ; although they 
can begin at once to attend lectures. It should be added 
that although for foreign students who have had in their 
own country courses corresponding to the Italian require- 
ments, attendance at the University is not legally neces- 
sary, practically they will have little chance of passing the 
general examination successfully unless they spend at least 
a year in the institution in order to become familiar with 
the system, to fulfil the necessary formalities, and get 
acquainted with the Professors. If they come without 
having a dissertation partly completed, it will probably 
take two years to prepare one which will be approved. 
On the other hand, they may be sure of having the great- 
est consideration shown them; and the formalities, once 
clearly understood, will trouble them very little; the 
authorities exercise no jurisdiction except in matters relat- 
ing to examinations. 

4. Fees, The regular University lectures are open 
freely to visitors; but in order to receive academic credit 
and become candidates for a degree, students must matric- 
ulate and pay certain fees (unless these are remitted). 
First it is necessary to pay the matriculation fee (tassa 
d'immatricolazione: lire 75) and at least half of the first 
annual tuition fee (tassa d'iscrizione; lire 125 for the 
Faculties of Sciences and of Letters; lire 155 for Medi- 
cine; lire 220 for Law ; and lire 165 for Engineering). The 
candidate then presents to the Rector a request for enroll- 
ment under one of the Faculties, stating his name and the 
names of his parents, birthplace, home address, and 
address in the city ; he must send also his birth-certificate 
(which in the case of a foreigner should be countersigned 
by an Italian consul), a receipt for the fee paid, and a 
certificate showing the completion of the course of study 
in the Secondary School, or in the case of foreign students, 



Higher Education in Italy 23 

certificates of their academic standing, credits, degrees, 
etc., in their own country. With documents not in Italian 
a certified translation is sometimes required. This request 
is ordinarily presented between August i and November 
5, but may be presented at other times. After favorable 
action has been taken, the candidate receives from the 
Secretary of the University a course-book (libretto d'iscri- 
zione), in which he enters his name, and secures the signa- 
ture of the instructor in each of the courses that he wishes 
to take. The list of courses must be approved on behalf of 
the Faculty, by the Secretary. At the end of the year the 
instructors sign the course-book again, and the Secretary 
enters in it the result of the examinations. The student 
also has an identification card (tessera diriconoscimen to), 
with a portrait (which he must furnish) attached to it. 
Before taking the special examinations he pays each year 
an examination fee (lire 20) ; and before taking his degree 
he pays fees for the final examination (sopratassa per 
I'esame di laurea; lire 50) and for the diploma (lire 
100). 

Those who do not wish to matriculate as candidates for a 
degree may register as listeners (uditori) . In this case they 
are not obliged to have any specified academic prepara- 
tion. They pay a tuition fee for each course taken, 
amounting to one-fifth of the regular tuition fee. They 
may if they desire take the regular examinations, paying a 
fee of lire 5 for each one; and on request they receive a 
certificate of attendance and for such examinations as 
they have passed. Couises taken under these conditions 
give no credit toward an Italian degree, but the certificate 
is useful as an evidence of having studied in Italy. 

5. Requirements for Graduation; Examinations. Unless 
the student is admitted to advanced standing, the require- 
ments for graduation include: (i) study in residence for 



24 Institute of International Education 

four, five or six years, according to the Faculty ; (2) enroll- 
ment in a specified number of courses, some required, some 
elective; (3) passing an examination in each subject 
(esame speciale) ; and (4), after all the special examinations 
are passed, passing a final or general examination (esame 
di laurea) . This last consists of the presentation of a writ- 
ten dissertation on an approved subject, a public discus- 
sion of the dissertation before a committee of the Faculty, 
and an oral defense of either two or three theses (tesi or 
tesine). In some lines of work a practical laboratory test 
is also required. On presenting his dissertation, four copies 
of it being usually required, the candidate submits an 
application on stamped paper (carta bollata), addressed 
to the Rector, and requesting admission to the general 
examination; the subjects of the dissertation and theses 
being stated, and receipts being added to show that all 
fees have been paid (except the diploma fee, paid after the 
examination has been passed) . 

At the hour appointed the candidate appears before the 
Committee, which consists of the Preside of the Faculty 
and ten other members. The public is allowed to be 
present. The Professors who approved the dissertation 
and the theses are members of the Committee, and they 
question the candidate for an hour, after which he retires 
with the public (if any) behind him. When the Commit- 
tee has voted, he is called in to hear the verdict. Each 
member of the Committee can give him from i to 10 
points, so that the maximum is no; this is called "a pieni 
voti assoluti," while a score of nine-tenths of the maximum 
is called "a pieni voti legali ;" six-tenths of the maximum is 
the passing mark. In case of failure, the candidate can 
present himself again after an interval of at least three 
months, and a third and last time after a further interval 
of six months. 

The "special" examinations are given in two periods of 



Higher Education in Italy 25 

the year, beginning respectively June 16 and October 16. 
They are less formal than the general examination, and 
are conducted by Committees containing three members. 
These examinations are based on subjects rather than on 
specific courses, and are not confined to the topics treated 
in the lectures. Thus the student may select from various 
possible courses those which he thinks will best prepare 
him for the examination, but he will also find it necessary 
to become familiar with other aspects of the subject. The 
general examinations are given during the academic 
year, at times fixed by the Faculty Council. 

In addition to the regular professional degrees, a new 
degree with less rigid requirements and without the legal 
prerogatives of the regular degrees is now offered. It will 
be well to state in some detail the requirements for the 
regular degrees, and then those of the new degree. 

6. Courses of Study under the Several Faculties. 

I. Facw% 0/ Law (Facolta di Giurisprudenza) . Length 
of course for the degree of Doctor of Laws, four years. 
Eighteen subjects are prescribed (fondamentali). Except 
when one subject is prerequisite for another, the courses 
may be taken in any order; at least two must be taken 
each year. In the following list, Nos. 3, 4, 6, 9, 14 are 
continued through two years (biennali); the others are 
one-year courses (annuali). (i) Introduction to Juridical 
Science; (2) Institutes of Roman Law; (3) Civil Law; 
(4) Roman Law ; (5) Canon Law ; (6) Criminal Law and 
Procedure; (7) Commercial Law; (8) Constitutional 
Law; (9) Administrative Law; (10) Financial Law and 
Science of Finance; (11) International Law; (12) Civil 
Procedure; (13) History of Roman Law; (14) History 
of Italian Law; (15) Philosophy of Law; (16) Political 
Economy; (17) Statistics; (18) Legal Medicine. 

There is a Faculty of Law in every University in the 



26 Institute of International Education 

Kingdom. The emphasis on Roman Law is natural in a 
country whose legal system is based on it. 

II. Faculty of Medicine and Surgery (Facolta di Medi- 
cina e Chirurgia). Length of course, six years. Twenty 
subjects, all of which must be taken for the degree of 
Doctor of Medicine: (i) Experimental Physics; (2) 
Chemistry, inorganic and organic ; (3) Botany ; (4) Zool- 
ogy and Comparative Anatomy; (5) Normal Human 
Anatomy; (6) Physiology; (7) General Pathology; (8) 
Pharmacology and Toxicology ; (9) Pathological Anatomy 
and Histology; (10) Special Demonstrative Medical 
Pathology; (11) Special Demonstrative Surgical Pathol- 
ogy; (12) General Medical Clinic; (13) Pediatric Clinic; 
(14) General Surgical Clinic; (15) Obstetric and Gyne- 
cological Clinic; (16) Clinic for Opthalmology ; (17) 
Clinic for Nervous and Mental Diseases; (18) Hygiene 
and Public Health; (19) Legal Medicine; (20) Clinic of 
Dermosyphilitic Diseases. 

These courses are of one year each, except Nos. 5, 12, 
13, which are of three years, and Nos. 6, 9, which are of 
two years. In addition to these required courses, instruc- 
tion in other allied subjects (insegnamenti complementari) 
may be offered. All instruction, in both required and extra 
subjects, is demonstrative, and is combined with practical 
exercises in which the students take part. The order of 
studies is optional, except that Nos. 1-8 must be taken 
before Nos. 9-20. The various subjects of instruction are 
frequently grouped, according to their natural relation- 
ship, to form what are called Institutes (istituti) or 
Schools (scuole) ; to these the graduates of the Faculty of 
Medicine are admitted for special advanced study and 
investigation. 

In certain of the Universities situated in the smaller 
cities, only a portion (4 years) of the prescribed course is 
given by the Faculty of Medicine, the course being con- 



Higher Education in Italy 27 

tinued at one of the larger Universities in the cities where 
the clinical facilities are greater. Universities which give 
the complete six-year course for the Doctor's degree also 
offer advanced instruction. Dentistry is treated as a spe- 
cial branch of Medicine, and in some Universities is offered 
among the extra subjects. In Milan the Istituti Clinici 
form a Post-graduate School of Medicine, to which only 
those who have the degree of Doctor of Medicine are 
admitted; these Istituti include a well-developed School 
of Dentistry. 

Every University in the Kingdom except Macerata and 
Urbino has a Medical Faculty giving either the partial or 
the complete course, and there is also one at Florence. 
Connected with every Medical Faculty is a School of 
Pharmacy (see below) and usually a Training School of 
Obstetrics (not considered in this handbook). 

III. Faculty of Physical, Mathematical and Natural 
Sciences (Facolta di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e 
Naturali). (In Naples, divided into two faculties.) 
Length of course, 4 years. The fundamental courses are 
the following: (i) Experimental Physics; (2) Inorganic 
Chemistry; (3) Organic Chemistry; (4) Mineralogy; 
(5) Botany; (6) Geology; (7) Zoology; (8) Comparative 
Anatomy and Physiology; (9) Algebraic Analysis; (10) 
Infinitesimal Analysis; (11) Analytic Geometry; (12) 
Projective Geometry; (13) Descriptive Geometry; (14) 
Ornamental and Elementary Architectural Design; (15) 
Rational Mechanics; (16) Theoretic Geodesy; (17) Math- 
ematical Physics; (18) Higher Analysis; (19) Higher 
Geometry; (20) Higher Mechanics. In Universities 
where they exist, courses in Histology and Physiology and 
in Astronomy are also fundamental. For admission, 
students presenting the licenza liceale must have passed 
in Mathematics. The licenza of the physical-mathemati- 
cal section of the Istituti Tecnici is also accepted. For 



28 Institute of International Education 

graduation with the doctorate in Science, not only the 
special and final examinations are required, but also prac- 
tical experimental or graphic tests (esami pratici). This 
Faculty confers the doctorate in (i) Mathematics, (2) Phy- 
sics, (3) Chemistry, and (4) Natural Sciences. In each 
case certain studies are required, and others elective. 

(i) For the degree in Mathematics, the following are 
required : Experimental Physics for two years. Chemistry, 
Algebraic Analysis, Infinitesimal Analysis, Analytic Geom- 
etry, Projective and Descriptive Geometry, Rational 
Mechanics ; and four other courses chosen from a limited 
list. (2) For the degree in Physics: the seven courses 
above mentioned, and also Higher Analysis, Mathematical 
Physics, Theoretic Geodesy, and an advanced course in 
Physics. The candidate must also work for two years in the 
Physical Laboratory, and for a semester in the Chemical 
Laboratory. (3) For the degree in Chemistry: Mineralogy, 
a special course in Mathematics, Physics for two years, 
three or four couises in Chemistry, with work in the 
Chemical Laboratory for two years, and other courses 
approved by the Faculty, the total number of subjects 
being nine. (4) For the degree in Natural Sciences: 
Physics (one year). Chemistry, Botany, Comparative 
Zoology, Anatomy and Physiology, Histology (if offered). 
Geology, Mineralogy, a special course in Mathematics, 
and two other courses chosen from an approved list; 
laboratory work in three sciences, followed by practical 
tests, is also required. 

IV. Faculty of Letters and Philosophy (Facolta di Let- 
tere e Filosofia). Length of course leading to the Doctor- 
ate in Letters or to that in Philosophy, four years. The 
following are the fundamental subjects (insegnamenti 
costituti vi) taught by this Faculty : 

(i) Theoretic Philosophy; (2) Moral Philosophy; (3) 
Pedagogy; (4) History of Philosophy ; (5) Italian Litera- 



Higher Education in Italy 29 

ture; (6) Latin Literature; (7) Greek Literature; (8) 
Greek and Latin Grammar; (9) Archeology; (10) Com- 
parative History of the Classic and Neo-Latin Languages; 

(11) Comparative History of the Neo-Latin Literatures; 

(12) Ancient History; (13) Modern History; (14) Geog- 
raphy; (15) Experimental Psychology (when offered). 

In many Universities a considerable number of other 
subjects (materie complementari) are offered under this 
faculty; and special departments (scuole) provide for 
training in modern languages and literatures, the history of 
art, Oriental languages, etc. But, as already noted, 
Political Economy is taught by the Faculty of Law; 
and the sciences, including Mathematics, by the Faculty 
of Sciences — some of them also by the Faculty of Medi- 
cine. Candidates for the degree in Letters or in Philosophy 
frequently take courses under one of the other faculties. 

For the degree in Philosophy, twelve courses are re- 
quired, of which seven must be the following: (i) Theo- 
retic Philosophy (3 years) ; (2) Pedagogy (2 years) ; 
(3) Moral Philosophy (2 years) ; (4) History of Philoso- 
V^y (3 years); (5) Experimental Psychology, if offered, 
otherwise some other scientific subject (i year); (6) Ital- 
ian Literature (2 years) ; (7) Latin Literature (2 years) ; 
(8) either Greek or some modern Literature, or Ancient 
or Modern History (2 years). The four other courses (i 
year each) may be freely chosen among the fundamental 
or complementary subjects offered by any of the faculties. 
These courses are the equivalent, in the length of time 
required, to 21 one-year courses. It is noted that the 
degree of Doctor of Philosophy is not a general degree, as 
is the Ph.D. in America, but one which requires a special- 
ized study of Philosophy. 

For the degree in Letters, twelve subjects must be taken. 
Four are required of all candidates, and are called common 
subjects (materie comuni): (i) Italian Literature; (2) 



30 Institute of International Education 

Latin Literatuie; (3) Greek Literature; (4) History of 
Philosophy or Theoretical Philosophy. Four more must 
be taken in one of three groups, according to the field in 
which the student specializes (materie specifiche). If the 
field is Classical Philology : (5) Greek and Latin Grammar 
or Paleography; (6) Comparative History of the Classical 
and Neo-Latin Languages, or Sanskrit; (7) Ancient 
History ; (8) Archeology. If the field is Modem Philology : 

(5) Comparative History of the Neo-Latin Literatures; 

(6) Comparative History of the Classical and Neo-Latin 
Languages; (7) Modern History; (8) History of Medi- 
eval and Modem Art, or a Modern Literature. If the field 
is History and Geography: (5) Ancient History; (6) 
Modem History; (7) Geography; (8) Archeology, Epig- 
raphy, History of Art, or a similar subject. Finally, four 
more courses are to be elected (materie libere), subject to 
the approval of the Faculty at the beginning of each year, 
among those offered by any of the faculties. These elec- 
tive courses and one of the specific courses are of one year 
each (annuali) ; five of the required courses are of two years 
each (biennali), and two in the field chosen are of three 
years each (triennali). Thus the total requirement of 
twelve subjects is equivalent to twenty-one year-courses. 

V. Engineering School (Politecnico, or Scuola di Appli- 
cazione per gli Ingegneri). The complete course of study 
for the degree of Engineer (Ingegnere) or of Architect (Ar- 
chitetto) is five years in length ; the first two years being 
preparatory (chiefly devoted to Mathematics, with courses 
in Chemistry, Elementary Architecture, and Omamental 
Design), and the other three being devoted to applied stud- 
ies (Corso di Applicazione) . All five years may be passed 
in the Polytechnic at Turin, the Higher Technical Insti- 
tute at Milan, the Engineering School at Padua, or the 
Naval School at Genoa. Or the two preparatory years 
may be passed under the Faculty of Sciences in any 



Higher Education in Italy 31 

University, and the three years of applied study in one of 
the technical schools above mentioned, or in the Engi- 
neering School (Scuola di Applicazione) in Bologna, Pisa, 
Rome, Naples or Palermo. The Engineering School is 
usually autonomous, but has some sort of affiliation with 
the University in the same city; it is administered by a 
Director, who reports directly to the Ministry of Public 
Instruction. A special code of rules for the Engineering 
Schools was adopted by Royal Decree, September 6, 191 3. 
The Professors are appointed in the same way as in the 
Universities. The applied studies are arranged in groups, 
according to the particular line of Engineering or Architec- 
ture chosen by the student; the studies in each group 
being prescribed, and any elective studies being in addition. 
Before entering the triennium of applied studies, the 
student must have a certificate stating that he has passed 
the preparatory studies. There is a special examination in 
each course; the final examination, one hour in length, 
and oral, consists of questions on the work done in the 
applied studies. Post-graduate courses (corsi di perfeziona- 
mento), leading to a special diploma, are offered in Turin 
and Milan. In all the schools, graduates can continue 
their studies by offering their services as voluntary assis- 
tants. Foreigners are admitted to the Engineering Schools 
as freely as Italians, provided they have had the necessary 
preparation in Mathematics and other scientific prerequi- 
sites; and to advanced standing if their credentials war- 
rant it. 

VI. School of Pharmacy (Scuola di Farmacia). In 
connection with every medical faculty there is a School of 
Pharmacy, administered by a Director (Direttore) ap- 
pointed by the Crown from among the Professors giving 
instruction in the School. The Professors are members of 
the Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Sciences. The 
School confers (i) a diploma giving the right to practise 



32 Institute of International Education 

the profession of Pharmacy (course of four years), and (2) 
the degree (laurea) of Doctor of Chemistry and Pharmacy 
(course of five years). The fundamental subjects are (i) 
Chemistry; (2) Experimental Physics; (3) Mineralogy; 
(4) Botany; (5) Zoology; (6) Pharmaceutical and Toxi- 
cological Chemistry; (7) Materia Medica; (8) Hygiene; 
(9) Bromatological Chemistry. In addition, laboratory 
work and in the last year of the course practical work in a 
Pharmacy are required. For the doctorate, the final 
examination (esame di laurea) is divided into two parts: 
at the end of the fourth year, presentation of a disserta- 
tion (of an experimental character if possible) and defence 
of two theses orally, together with laboratory tests in 
qualitative, quantitative and toxicological analysis; at 
the end of the fifth year, practical and professional tests. 
Or if the dissertation is based on original research, the 
whole final examination may take place at the end of the 
fifth year. 

VII. Veterinary School (Scuola Superiore di Medicina 
Veterinaria) . Course of four years, leading to the degree 
of Doctor (Dottore in Zooiatria). In Turin, Milan, and 
Naples the Veterinary School is autonomous ; in Bologna, 
Modena, Parma, Pisa, Camerino, and Perugia, it forms a 
part of the University, and many of the Professors are 
also members of the Medical faculty. Entrance require- 
ment, graduation from Liceo or Istituto Tecnico. 

VIII. Higher Commercial School (Istituto Superiore di 
Studi Commerciali) . These schools depend on the Minis- 
try of Industry, Commerce and Labor, and are regulated 
by the Law of March 20, 1913; they are found in Turin, 
Genoa, Venice, Rome, and Bari (see these cities, below). 
The Bocconi Commercial University in Milan gives a 
diploma equivalent in grade to that of the Royal Commer- 
cial Schools. The course of study includes International, 
Commercial and Industrial Law, Economic and Commer- 



Higher Education in Italy 33 

cial Geography, Political Economy, Finance, Banking, 
Bookkeeping, and Modem Languages (French, English, 
German, and Spanish; sometimes other languages, as 
Russian, Arabic, Japanese, Albanian). 

From what has been said, and from the descriptions of 
the several institutions which follow, it will be evident that 
there is abundant opportunity in Italy for advanced work 
in many lines. At present no degree of higher grade than 
the regular laurea is conferred ; and it is obvious that the 
requirements for this degree are less in amount than the 
requirements for the doctorate in Graduate Schools of 
good standing in America. It must be borne in mind, 
however, that for Americans the successful following of a 
course of University study in Italy implies residence abroad 
and mastery of the Italian language. Furthermore, many 
Italian students continue to attend the Universities after 
receiving the laurea, whether for private research or in 
order to fit themselves to enter the competitions for 
University appointments. Since appointment and promo- 
tion depend largely on the scientific work of the candidate 
as shown in his research and publication, it is natural that 
the advanced students are men with whom it is intellec- 
tually stimulating to be associated. It is not uncommon 
for students to take a second laurea in a subject different 
from that of the first; in order to do so, they spend an 
additional year or more in residence, make up such of the 
requirements for the second laurea as they have not 
already completed, and present themselves for the exam- 
inations as in the case of the first laurea. The same condi- 
tions obtain for students who have received a degree in 
a foreign University. Many Americans, after studying for 
a year or more in an Italian University, will choose to 
receive a certificate for the work done, and apply the 
credit so earned toward obtaining a higher degree in 
America ; others, especially if they have completed before 



34 Institute of International Education 

coming to Italy a large part of the requirements, may well 
become candidates for the regular Italian doctorate. 

7. The New Doctorate. In order to meet the needs of 
foreign students who do not wish to conform to the 
requirements for the regular professional degrees, a new 
doctorate degree was established on October 2^^ 191 7, 
equivalent in grade and in the amount of work required 
to the old four years' degrees, but not demanding their 
rigid selection of courses. This new degree is not profes- 
sional in the sense of giving legal rights in connection with 
the practise of the professions in Italy, but is intended to 
encourage scientific attainment for the purpose of advanc- 
ing knowledge and increasing the personal culture of the 
individual ; for this reason it is sometimes referred to as a 
scientific degree (as opposed to professional). It was 
destined at first exclusively for foreigners, but on Febiuary 
3, 1918, it was opened to Italians as well. , Foreigners are 
admitted to candidacy, and are given credit for work done 
elsewhere, on the same basis as in the case of the other 
degrees. The requirements for the new degree are four 
years of study in residence and at least twelve courses; 
the courses are chosen freely by the student from those 
offered by one Faculty or by several Faculties. Courses 
in the same subject may be separately counted if taken 
under different instructors, or in different years under the 
same instructor, provided the specific matters treated are 
distinct ; in the case of the old degrees, such courses are not 
counted separately. The only restriction on the choice 
of courses is that, not later than the third year of study, 
they must be approved by the Faculty, or by a special 
Committee of several Faculties, as sufficient for the degree 
in the subject selected by the student. If, however, a 
student has already received an academic degree from an 
Italian, or from an approved foreign University (for in- 



Higher Education in Italy 35 

stance, a Bachelor's or a higher degree in the United 
States), he need spend but one year in residence, taking at 
least three separate courses. The final examination con- 
sists of (i) the presentation of a dissertation, which must 
be in print; (2) an oral discussion of the dissertation; (3) 
a discussion on the major subject of the candidate, involv- 
ing the methods of research in that subject; (4)^a prac- 
tical test, if the subject is experimental. The fees to be 
paid by candidates for this special degree are those paid 
by listeners, which are materially less than those paid by 
regular candidates for the other degrees. Only the Royal 
Universities are authorized to confer the special degrees, 
which are legally known as "lauree speciali rilasciate a 
titolo di particolare cultura scientifica." 

It results from the establishment of this new degree 
that students can now make up a course of study suited 
to their particular needs or desires, and at the same time 
receive academic recognition for it. The advantages are 
obvious in the case of foreigners wishing to prepare them- 
selves as teachers or investigators in specific fields of 
knowledge; and the provisions of the law offer every 
opportunity for meeting individual needs. As an instance, 
a student wishing to take Geography as his major subject, 
will naturally elect under the Faculty of Letters and 
Philosophy the courses in Geography, in Ancient and 
Modem History, and, if offered, in Ethnology or Anthro- 
pology; under the Faculty of Law, Political Economy 
and Statistics; under the Faculty of Sciences, Geology, 
Botany, Zoology; and the remainder of the required 
twelve courses can be made up by continuing some of 
these subjects for a second or third year, and by adding 
courses in Language, Literature, History of Art, etc. 
At the same time, subjects required for the old degree in 
History and Geography — Greek and Latin Literature, 
for instance — need not be included. In addition to the 



36 Institute of Internatiofial Education 

old degree in History and Geography, it is now possible 
to make a new group of History and Political Science ; it 
is possible also to make a combination of pure and applied 
science, by selecting courses offered by the Faculty of 
Sciences and by the Engineering School. In compara- 
tively narrow fields, particularly under the Faculty of 
Letters and Philosophy, the larger Universities ofTer a 
great variety of courses, for instance in History and in 
Literature, affording abundant opportunity for speciali- 
zation. 

It is to be noted that persons who have an academic 
degree from a recognized foreign University, can become 
candidates for this new Italian degree by taking three 
courses in residence and presenting themselves for the 
final examination (which includes a printed dissertation). 
On the other hand, if the course of study which they pur- 
sued in attaining the foreign degree coincides with that 
required for one of the regular degrees in Italy, they may 
become candidates for the latter without taking further 
courses in residence, merely presenting themselves for 
the final examination (in which case the dissertation is 
not necessarily printed). It should be remembered, how- 
ever, that a candidate has little chance of success unless 
he spends at least a year in residence. 

8. Choosing a University. In choosing the School or 
University at which they wish to study in Italy, Ameri- 
cans will be guided partly by the fame of the institution 
and of its professors, and partly by the advantages of its 
location. Eminent teachers and excellent facilities for 
study and research are found not only in the Universities 
of the large centres, but in some of the smaller cities as 
well. The professors, who are as a rule familiar with the 
literature of their subjects in all languages, combine 
technical accuracy of method with breadth of view and 



Higher Education in Italy 37 

charm of style. The more important Universities have 
libraries well supplied with technical works; while the 
public libraries in many cities, with collections of manu- 
scripts and rare books which afford unlimited material 
for research, also make available current publications. 
Many of the laboratories are good; but in general the 
work in both pure and applied science tends to be theo- 
retical rather than experimental. Very thorough training 
is given in Engineering, especially in the Politecnico. 
Admirable clinics are available in the larger cities for 
students of Medicine. An advanced student can readily 
ascertain where are located the men best known as 
authorities in any particular subject. Concise descrip- 
tions of all the Universities and other higher institutions 
in Italy, including libraries and learned societies, with 
lists of the professors and other officials, will be found in 
the Annuario degli Istituti Scientifici Italiani, compiled 
by Professor Silvio Pivano for the Associazione Italiana 
per rintesa Intellettuale fra i Paesi Alleati ed Amici 
(Rome, 191 8; new edition in preparation). The annual 
catalogue (Annuario) issued by each University is usually 
a bulky volume containing the annual report of the 
Rector and the formal address given by one of the Pro- 
fessors at the opening of the academic year, with lists of 
the Faculty and students and a general description of the 
courses ; it fails to give much of the practical information 
needed by a prospective student, especially a foreigner. 
It is hoped that the information here presented will be 
both interesting and useful, and will bring to the atten- 
tion of Americans the opportunities in Italy for studying 
not only art, music, archeology and literature, but also 
such subjects as philology (both classical and modem), 
history, law, medicine, engineering, and the natural and 
mathematical sciences. The regulations, as has been 
shown, are most liberal for foreign students, and the 



38 Institute of International Education 

Italian educational authorities are eager to do everything 
in their power to attract foreign students and to facilitate 
their work. A student going with a definite purpose or 
wishing to study with a particular teacher will have little 
difficulty in making arrangements for work. Others who 
go with a more general purpose should put themselves 
in touch with someone on the ground who can advise 
them. The representative of the Institute in Italy is 
Dr. H. Blakiston Wilkins, American Academy in Rome, 
Porta San Pancrazio, Rome, and from him as well as 
from the Institute of International Education, 419 West 
1 17th Street, New York City, information can be obtained. 
An organization has been formed in Italy (present ad- 
dress: Segretariato Assistenza Studenti Stranieri in 
Italia, Via Silvio Pellico 6, Milan; correspondence in 
Italian, French, English, etc.) for the purpose of aiding 
foreign students in establishing themselves in suitable 
living-quarters and in enrolling in the institutions where 
they desire to study. It must be remembered that the 
Italian Universities have no dormitories, so that students 
live where and as they choose. Those who are accus- 
tomed to college life in America should also remember 
that in Italy they are not likely to find opportunities of 
earning money. They may be able to exchange lessons 
in English for lessons in Italian, but should be provided 
with the necessary financial resources to get through the 
period which they expect to spend abroad. It is difficult 
to form an estimate of the expense of living. Prices 
have risen materially in Italy, as everywhere else, in 
comparison with the pre-war scale ; but on the other hand, 
the prevailing rate of exchange is very favorable to 
Americans. In general it may be said that living ex- 
penses in Rome, Milan, Turin and Genoa are higher 
than in Naples, Bologna, Florence, or most of the smaller 
cities. 



Higher Education in Italy 39 

UNIVERSITIES AND PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS 

In the following pages will be found a brief statement 
about each one of the seventeen Royal Universities 
(Regie Universita) and the four Free Universities (Libere 
Universita), the Polytechnics, and other institutions of 
University grade which might be of particular interest to 
foreigners coming to Italy to study. The Higher Com- 
mercial Schools and a few of the more important Libraries, 
etc., have been included; with a few words about the 
cities where these institutions are located. The order of 
arrangement is geographical, in general from north to 
south, following the order in the Annuario degli Istituti 
Scientifici Italiani, already cited. Some institutions have 
been included to which foreigners would not be likely 
to resort for study, in order to give relative completeness 
to the list, and afford for purposes of reference a more 
adequate account of Higher Education in Italy than has 
heretofore been available in English. The Annuario 
just cited has been invaluable in compiling this informa- 
tion ; use has also been made of a large number of ofhcial 
documents obtained in most cases through the courtesy 
of Dr. G. Filippi, Director of Higher Education in the 
Ministry of Public Instruction. Many friends on the 
Faculties of the Universities have also furnished valuable 
information. 

Turin (Torino) 

A flourishing modern city of 452,000 inhabitants, formerly 
the capital of Piedmont, a center of manufacturing and com- 
merce as well as of culture, with important museums, libra- 
ries and educational institutions. A Studium Generale was 
founded in 1404, but was at times suspended or transferred 
elsewhere. Since the eighteenth century, the present Univer- 
sity has steadily progressed; in 1859 it was the chief institu- 
tion regulated by the Casati Law, the basis of the present 
educational system of Italy. The National University Li- 



40 Institute of International Education 

brary, in spite of having lost valuable manuscripts by fire in 
1904, is one of the important libraries of Italy, and now con- 
tains over 400,000 volumes and 1,500 manuscripts. 

1. The Regia University degli Studi has the four Faculties of 
Law, Medicine, Sciences and Letters, with their respective 
Institutes, Schools, Clinics and Libraries. Noteworthy is the 
Institute of Legal Medicine and Anthropology, founded by 
Lombroso in 1876, in connection with which advanced courses 
in Criminology are given. Special attention is given to Peda- 
gogy and the training of teachers. Under the Faculty of Let- 
ters, instruction is given in Sanskrit, in French and English 
Literature, in Egyptology, and in the History of Art. Number 
of students in 1914-1915: 2,310; in 1917-1918: 2,438. 

2. The Royal Polytechnic (R. Politecnico) was founded in 
1906 by the union of the Engineering School (1859) and the 
Industrial Museum (1879). It offers complete five-year courses 
in Civil, Mechanical, Chemical and Electrical Engineering, 
and in Architecture. There are also special advanced courses 
in Mining Engineering and other technical branches. This is 
one of the most complete technical schools in Europe. Num- 
ber of students in 1915-1916: 1,672. 

3. Veterinary School (R.ScuolaSuperiore di MedicinaVeter- 
inaria). Of University grade, giving the Doctor's degree. 
Average number of students: 200. 

4. Commercial School (R. Istituto Superiore di Studi Com- 
merciali). Founded in 1906. 

Genoa (Genova) 

The chief sea-port of Italy, and an important center of 
commerce and manufacturing, with 300,000 inhabitants. For 
centuries a republic, Genoa was joined to Piedmont in 1815. 
Colleges of Law, Medicine and Theology flourished here from 
the fourteenth century. 

I. The University (R. Universita degli Studi) was reor- 
ganized in 1885 and brought up to the first grade. It has the 
four regular Faculties, with their Institutes, Schools and 
Clinics ; also an Engineering School which gives only one year's 
work after the two preparatory years taken under the Faculty 



Higher Education in Italy 41 

of Sciences. Especially noteworthy are the Botanic Garden 
and Botanic Institute, founded in 1897. Under the Faculty of 
Medicine is a School of Dentistry. The University Library has 
160,000 volumes and 1,600 manuscripts. Number of students 
in 1914-1915: 1,427; in 1918-1919; 1,059. 

2 . Naval School (R. Scuola Superiore Navale) , of University 
grade, founded in 1871. Gives the full five years' course in 
Naval Engineering, with the degree of Ingegnere Navale e 
Meccanico. The entrance requirements are the same as for the 
Engineering Schools. Students are admitted to the triennium 
of applied studies after passing the preparatory biennium either 
here, or under a Faculty of Sciences in a University, or in an 
Engineering School. Average number of students, about 200. 

3. Commercial School (R. Istituto Superiore di Studi Com- 
merciali). Founded in 1884. 

Milan (Mildno) 

The largest city of Northern Italy (663,000 inhabitants in 
191 5), a progressive commercial and industrial center. Milan 
was formerly the capital of Lombardy, and in the first half of 
the nineteenth century it was the literary center of Italy. 
Its museums, libraries and schools are now among the most 
important in the kingdom. The institutions of higher instruc- 
tion have been since 1875 organized in an association called 
Consorzio degli Istituti d'Istruzione Superiore, with the purpose 
of effectively developing their resources. At present the vari- 
ous institutions are housed in buildings all over the city, some 
of which are inadequate; a magnificent group of new buildings, 
at a distance from the business districts, is now under construc- 
tion. In many lines of study and investigation, and especially 
for advanced work in Medicine and Surgery, Milan offers very 
exceptional advantages. While the city has no institution 
called "University," its Accademia functions as a University 
Faculty, and the Istituto Tecnico Superiore supplies in part the 
work of a Faculty of Sciences. The Istituti Clinici are open 
only to graduates of a Medical School ; for the course of study 
under a Faculty of Medicine leading to the degree of Doctor, 
and for the study of Law, students residing in Milan usually 



42 Institute of International Education 

frequent the neighboring University of Pavia. Its advantages 
for advanced study, and the ease with which other places of 
scholarly and artistic interest may be reached, should make 
Milan one of the most favorable locations in Italy for foreign 
students. 

1. Academy of Science and Literature (R. Accademia 
Scientifico-letteraria). This institution, founded by the Casati 
Law in 1859, and actually inaugurated in 1861, is equivalent 
in scope and functions to the Faculty of Letters and Philosophy 
in a University. Special attention is paid to ancient and 
modern literature in various languages, as was contemplated 
in the Law of 1859; there are professorships of English, 
French, Spanish, German, Arabic and Sanskrit, as well as the 
usual fundamental subjects, and a special school (Scuola 
Papirologica) , which publishes a quarterly review of Papirology 
and Egyptology, entitled "Aegyptus." Connected with the 
Academy is a training School for Teachers (Scuola di Magis- 
tero), with a special section for Modern Languages and Liter- 
atures (R. Scuola di Lingue e Letterature Straniere Moderne) ; 
this offers a three-year course leading to a diploma for the 
teaching of English, French, Spanish or German. The course 
includes, besides the principal language chosen, also Latin, 
Italian, Modern History, and Philosophy; it is open to stu- 
dents and graduates of the Faculty of Letters, and also, upon 
examination, to graduates of a Liceo, Istituto Tecnico, or 
Scuola Normale. 

In 1914-1915 the number of students in the regular course 
was 269, the number in the teachers' course, 477. In 191 7- 
191 8 the figures were 280 and 681. 

2. Higher Technical Institute, or Polytechnic (R. Istituto 
Tecnico Superiore). Also provided for in the Casati Law of 
1859, this institution was inaugurated in 1862. It offers the 
complete five-year course in various lines of Engineering and 
Architecture; the preparatory biennium and the three years 
of applied studies for the degrees of Civil Engineer, Industrial 
Engineer, and Architect. The Institute includes a technical 
library and collections of models, as well as laboratories of 
General, Analytic and Technological Chemistry, of Mechanics, 



Higher Educa tion in Italy 43 

of Resistance of Materials, of the Paper-industry, of Electro- 
technics and Electro-chemistry; and has the use of the 
Botanic Garden, the Academy of Fine Arts, and the Astro- 
nomical Observatory. 

Number of students in 1915-1916, 1,075; in 1917-1918, 
1,520. 

3. Post-graduate Clinics (RR. Istituti Clinici di Perfeziona- 
mento). These institutions, with their hospitals, laboratories 
and other facilities, are devoted to advanced instruction and 
scientific research in certain specific lines ot Medicine and 
Surgery. The degree of Doctor of Medicine is requisite for 
admission as a student. The buildings and equipment, which 
are of the most modern character, were especially provided for 
the purpose, and not, as in the case with many scientific estab- 
lishments in Italy, adapted from other uses. In 1902 the City 
and the Province of Milan approved the foundation of these 
clinics, to the expenses of which they contribute together with 
the State and the Ospedale Maggiore; important gifts have 
also been received from private benefactors. Three of the 
clinics (A, B and C) are in the immediate vicinity of the large 
municipal Hospital (Ospedale Maggiore), and are adminis- 
tered together under a Dean who is one of the leaders in the 
development of scientific work in Milan. The others (D,E,F 
and G), separately administered, cooperate for instruction and 
research. An arrangement has also been made for cooperation 
with the Medical Faculty of the University of Pavia. 

(A) Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Istituto Ostetri- 
coginecologico). Inaugurated in 1906. With a hospital of over 
125 beds. 

(B) Clinic for Occupational Diseases (Clinica per le Ma- 
lattie del Lavoro, or Professionali) . This clinic, the first of 
its kind in the world, was inaugurated in 19 10, and has since 
been imitated by hospitals in America. Its purposes are indi- 
cated by the inscription on a tablet in its entrance-hall, which 
states them as follows: "To study scientifically the causes of 
occupational diseases, to spread the clinical knowledge of 
them among physicians, to receive for diagnosis and treatment 
workmen suspected of or suffering from occupational diseases, 



44 Institute of International Education 

to inspect the condition of health of industrial workers in 
general, and of those engaged in unhealthy occupations in 
particular." The hospital has about lOO beds. 

(C) Clinic for Diseases of Children (Clinica Pediatrica). 
Founded in 1910 by a private donor in memory of G. and D. 
De Marchi, and generously endowed, this hospital is devoted to 
the care and study of children's diseases, and the training of 
physicians in the hygiene and pathology of infancy. 

(D) Orthopedic Clinic (Clinica Ortopedica del Pio Istituto 
dei Rachitici). Founded in 1874. 

(E) Clinic for Epidemic and Contagious Diseases (Clinica 
delle Malattie Epidemicocontagiose). The hospital was 
established in 1896. 

(F) Institute of the Pathology and Therapy of Infectious 
Diseases (Istituto di Fisiopatologia e Terapia delle Malattie 
infettive allTstituto Sieroterapico) . Founded in 1894; new 
building 1905. Has bacteriological and other laboratories. 

(G) Dental School (Scuola di Odontoiatria e Protesi dellTs- 
tituto Stomatologico Italiano). Inaugurated 1908, and ad- 
mitted to the Istituti Clinici in 1909, this School confers a 
diploma in Dentistry. It is the most important school in Italy 
devoted to specialized study of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, 
elsewhere treated as one of the minor subjects under the 
Medical Faculty. Its standard is equal to that of any Dental 
School in Europe. 

4. Veterinary School (R. Scuola Superiore di Medicina 
Veterinaria). Founded in 1791, made "superiore" in i860. 
Number of students in 1914-1915: 36; in 1917-1918: 32. 

5. Agricultural School (R. Scuola Superiore di Agricultura). 
Inaugurated in 1870. 

6. Academy of Fine Arts (R. Accademia di Belle Arti). 
Founded in 1776. 

7. Conservatory of Music (R. Conservatorio di Musica 
"Giuseppe Verdi"). Founded in 1808. 

8. Bocconi Commercial University (University Commer- 
cial Luigi Bocconi). A private institution, giving the degree 
of Doctor of Economic and Commercial Sciences after a four 
years' course. Prerequisite for entrance : graduation from the 



Higher Education in Italy 45 

Liceo or Istituto Tecnico, or (for foreigners) the entrance 
requirements of an approved University. The course of study 
includes Commercial Geography, Finance, Statistics, Political 
Economy, History of Commerce, Civil and Commercial Law, 
Accountancy, and Modern Languages (English, French, Span- 
ish, German). 

9. Libraries: (A) Biblioteca Nazionale Braidense, in the 
Palazzo di Brera (which contains also the famous Brera Pic- 
ture Gallery, the Cabinet of Coins, etc.). Has about 400,000 
volumes, 130,000 pamphlets, 2,000 incunabula, 2,000 manu- 
scripts; special collections, including manuscripts and editions 
of Manzoni's works, theatrical works, Aldine editions, etc. 
(B) Ambrosian Library (Ambrosiana), with 220,000 volumes, 
1,750 incunabula, 21,000 manuscripts. (C) Trivulzian Library 
(Trivulziana), with over 100,000 volumes, 4,000 manuscripts. 
(D) A number of private libraries, open to students. 

Pavia 

An ancient city of about 40,000 inhabitants, 22 miles from 
Milan. A famous school of Law existed here from the eleventh 
century. The University (R. Universita degli Studi) was 
founded in 1361. The present main building dates from 1490, 
with considerable later additions; its most striking feature is 
the series of five courts surrounded by colonnades in two 
stories, upon which the lecture-rooms open. It has the regular 
four Faculties of Law, Medicine, Sciences, and Letters, to- 
gether with a School of Pharmacy and courses for the training 
of teachers. Number of students in 1914-1915: 1,365; in 1917- 
1918: 1,153. Connected with the University are two "col- 
leges" dating from the sixteenth century, which maintain stu- 
dents of needy circumstances — Collegio Borromeo (1564) with 
thirty students, Collegio Ghislieri (1569) with eighty students. 

Padua (P4dova) 

A city of 105,000 inhabitants, of great antiquarian interest 
and also important commercially. For centuries it was a 



46 Institute of International Education 

center of culture, and its University, founded in 1222, rivaled 
that of Bologna in attracting students from all parts of 
Europe. The Studio or Archiginnasio at first consisted only 
of a Law School (Universitas Juristarum), but a school for 
the study of the Arts — Medicine, Philosophy, Theology — ^was 
added later (Universitas Artistarum) . These two "Universi- 
ties" were each divided into "Nations" according to the origin 
of the students, and governed by officers chosen by the 
students of each nationality. Since 1493 the University (R. 
Universita degli Studi) has occupied a building in the center 
of the city, previously used as an inn with the sign of an ox — 
and hence called even today "il B6." Three adjacent buildings 
have been joined to this to form the seat of the Faculties of 
Law, Letters and Sciences. The Medical Faculty, the Engi- 
neering School, and the University Library occupy buildings in 
other parts of the city. The court of the main building is sur- 
rounded by a colonnade in two stories, all the ceilings and 
walls of which are decorated with the coats-of-arms of former 
students. The Aula Magna contains a bust of Galileo, who 
taught here 1592-1610. The anatomical theatre, an eliptical 
room with narrow galleries on which the students stood, is 
the oldest of its kind. 

The University contains the four regular Faculties of Law, 
Medicine, Sciences, and Letters, with their Normal Courses 
and Institutes; also the School of Pharmacy, and a Botanic 
Garden, founded in 1545 and said to have been the first 
in the world used for purposes of instruction. The Uni- 
versity Library, now containing over 200,000 volumes, was 
founded in 1629 by the Republic of Venice, to which Padua 
belonged. 

Forming a part of the University is the Engineering School 
(R. Scuola di Applicazione per gli Ingegneri), which gives the 
complete five-year course. In the fifth year of the course the 
students may specialize in Hydraulics, Drainage, Rural 
Economy, or Electric Engineering; while the students of 
Architecture pursue a portion of their studies at the Institute 
of Fine Arts in Venice. Number of students in 1914-1915: 
1,878. 



Higher Education in Italy 47 

Venice (Venezia) 

A city of 168,000 inhabitants in 19 15, famous for its situa- 
tion, its remarkable history, and its art. Twenty-three miles 
from Padua. 

1. Institute of Fine Arts (R. Istituto di Belle Arti), a school 
connected with the Accademia, one of the finest collections 
of pictures in Italy. 

2. Higher Commercial School (R. Istituto Superiore di 
Studi Commerciali). Founded in 1868. Has besides the usual 
commercial subjects, a course of training for the consular 
service. In addition to the usual modern languages, Arabic 
and Japanese are taught. Confers the doctorate (laurea). 

3. National Library of St. Mark (R. Biblioteca Nazionale 
Marciana). One of the great libraries of Europe, with over 
600,000 volumes and 12,000 manuscripts. 

Bologna 

One of the most ancient and important cities of Italy, with 
190,000 inhabitants; capital of the Emilia (which consists of 
Romagna, in which Bologna is situated, together with the 
former Duchies of Parma and Modena). The University, re- 
puted to be the oldest in Europe, dates from the end of the 
nth century; it quickly attained a commanding position in 
the study of Law, both Civil and Canon, and soon schools 
for Medicine and the Liberal Arts were added. At one time 
it had as many as 10,000 students, who were organized in 
"Nations" and governed the University. Many famous jurists 
of the Middle Ages taught here. The instruction in Medicine 
was for a time inferior to that at Salerno, but later became pre- 
eminent; it is said that in Bologna dissection of the human 
body was first practiced. From the i6th century until the 
19th, the University was under Church control. It is now, 
under the general regulations for Higher Education, one of 
the best equipped in Italy. For over forty years the great 
poet Carducci held the professorship of Italian literature here. 

The University (R. University degli Studi) has the four 
Faculties of Law, Medicine, Sciences, and Letters; a School 



48 Institute of International Education 

of Pharmacy; Higher Veterinary and Agricultural Schools; 
and a Library with over 200,000 printed volumes and 5,000 
manuscripts, and a special collection of books and documents 
concerning the late war. Under the Faculty of Letters, special 
courses are offered in comparative Philology, Dialectology, 
Anthropology and Psychology. 

Connected with the University is the Engineering School 
(Scuola di Applicazione per gli Ingegneri), giving the three 
years of applied studies leading to the degrees of Civil Engineer 
and of Architect. Total number of students in the University 
in 1914-1915: 2,513. 

Ferrara 

This city, now containing about 102,000 inhabitants, was 
in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, under the Este family, 
a renowned center of culture and political influence. Its Uni- 
versity (Libera University degli Studi) was founded in 1 39 1 
by Boniface IX ; after the union of Ferrara with the Kingdom 
of Italy in 1859, it became by the Farini Law of i860, a Free 
University ; its degrees and certificates are accepted as equiva- 
lent to those of the Royal Universities. It is supported by its 
own funds and by an annual subsidy from the city. It has a 
Faculty of Law, giving the full four-year course; a Faculty of 
Sciences, giving a two-year course; a Faculty of Medicine, 
giving a three-year course (the remaining years of these 
courses to be taken elsewhere); and a School of Pharmacy. 
Although not supported by the State, this University is 
governed by a Statuto Organico approved by the State in 
191 7. An unusual feature is that the Consiglio Universitario, 
which appoints the Professors and elects the Rector, includes 
three student representatives. Average number of students, 
about 500. 

MODENA 

A city of 27,000 inhabitants, formerly the capital of a 
Duchy. Its University (R. Universita degli Studi) was 
established in the twelfth century, and attained prominence in 
the eighteenth. Its Faculty of Theology was suppressed in 
1859, that of Letters, in i860. It was made of the first grade 



Higher Education in Italy 49 



in 1876, and now has Faculties of Law, Medicine, and Sciences, 
Schools of Veterinary Medicine and of Pharmacy, and an 
Agricultural Experiment Station. The University Library 
contains the collection of books which formerly belonged to 
the Este family in Ferrara. Number of students in 1914- 
1915: 456; in 1917-1918: 627. 

Parma 

A city of 50,000 inhabitants, formerly the capital of a 
Duchy. A School of Arts is recorded as existing here in the 
eleventh century. In the thirteenth century there were 
Colleges of Law and of Medicine. The activities of the 
University (R. Universita degli Studi) have at times been 
interrupted. Its Faculties of Theology and of Letters were 
suppressed in 1862. It was made of the first grade in 1887, 
and has Faculties of Law, Medicine, and Sciences, a Veterinary 
School and a School of Pharmacy. Number of students in 
1914-1915: 629. 

The Library of the city (Biblioteca Palatina) is extremely 
rich; it contains 315,000 printed volumes, 50,000 pamphlets, 
about 4,000 manuscripts, and a large collection of engravings. 

Florence (Firenze) 

The capital of Tuscany (1865-1871 the capital of Italy), 
with 250,000 inhabitants. For centuries Florence has been a 
literary and artistic center of the first importance; it has had 
famous Schools and Academies, but never an institution bear- 
ing the name University. However, the Institute of Higher 
Studies is a University in everything except the name, and is 
in fact one of the leading institutions of education and research 
in the Kingdom. On account of the importance of this Insti- 
tute, and the unsurpassed libraries and museums, Florence 
will naturally attract many foreign students, particularly 
those interested in Literature, History, and Medieval and 
Modern Art. 

I . Institute of Higher Studies (R. Istituto di Studi Superiori 
Pratici e di Perfezionamento). Founded by the government 
of Tuscany in 1859, and inaugurated in i860 with four "Sec- 



50 Institute of International Education 

tions" (equivalent to the Faculties of a University): Law, 
Medicine, Sciences, and Philosophy and Philology. In 1872 
the Section of Law was suppressed, and the development of 
the other sections was fostered by an agreement between the 
State, the Province, and the City, each of which contributes 
to their support. The Section of Philosophy and Philology has 
beside all the fundamental subjects of a Faculty of Letters 
and Philosophy, professorships in Oriental History, Medieval 
Law, Sanskrit, Paleography, French, German, and Hebrew; 
it confers doctorates in Letters and in Philosophy, and cer- 
tificates of post-graduate studies (di perfezionamento) . The 
Section of Physical and Natural Sciences confers doctorates 
in Natural Sciences and in Chemistry, but not in Mathematics. 
The Section of Medicine and Surgery has the full six-year 
course leading to the doctorate, with various clinics and 
laboratories. The School of Pharmacy confers the doctorate 
in Chemistry and Pharmacy. The number of students in 
1916-1917: 612. 

2. Institute of Social Sciences (R. Istituto di Scienze Sociali 
"Cesare Alfieri"). Founded in 1874, it prepares for govern- 
mental ofifices and for public life. It offers courses in History, 
Political Economy, Statistics, and in certain branches of Law; 
so that to some extent it supplies the place of a Law Faculty, 
although it does not confer the doctorate. 

3. Higher Normal School for Women (R. Istituto Superiore 
di Magistero Femminile). Founded in 1878. Gives courses 
in the Italian, English, French and German Languages and 
Literatures, ^n History, Pedagogy, Mathematics, Philosophy, 
etc. 

4. Institut Frangais de Florence. Founded in 1908 by the 
University of Grenoble. Gives courses in French Language 
and Literature, and also trains French students to teach 
Italian. 

5. National Library (R. Biblioteca Nazionale Centra' e). 
Extensive collection of manuscripts and rare books, and also 
of recent publications both Italian and foreign. Receives a 
copy of every book published in Italy, and issues a monthly 
Bulletin of new publications. The other libraries (Riccardiana, 



Higher Education in Italy 51 

Mediceo-Laurenziana, Marucelliana, etc.) are extremely rich 
in manuscripts. All these libraries are readily accessible to 
properly qualified students. 

Pisa 

A city of about 30,000 inhabitants, independent in the 
Middle Ages, afterwards joined to Tuscany. Its University 
(R. Universita degli Studi) was known as early as the twelfth 
century, and was given the title of Studium Generale in 1346. 
It has passed through many vicissitudes, at times being one 
of the most important schools in Italy. It has the four 
Faculties of Law, Medicine, Sciences, and Letters; also 
Schools of Engineering (Scuola di Applicazione per gli Ingeg- 
neri), Agriculture (Scuola Superiore di Agraria), Veterinary 
Medicine (Scuola Superiore di Medicina Veterinaria) and 
Pharmacy. Among the Institutes, worthy of special note 
are those of Physics and Meteorology (Istituto di Fisica 
Sperimentale e Meteorologia) and of Public Hygiene. The 
University publishes the Annali delle Universitd Toscane. 
Number of students in 1914-1915: 1,164; in 1918-1919: 

1,539. 

The Higher Normal School (R. Scuola Normale Superiore) 
is connected with the University, but administered indepen- 
dently. It was founded in 1813, and has the purpose of giving 
special training to students who are to become teachers in the 
secondary schools. To some thirty of the University students 
who are enrolled in its courses it gives board, lodging and a 
subsidy. Total number of students enrolled in 191 7-1 91 8: 61. 
It offers courses in Languages, Literature, Philosophy, Peda- 
gogy, History, Mathematics and the Sciences, which are 
complementary to the courses in the same subjects offered by 
the University Faculties. This work may be combined with 
practice-teaching in the city schools. A 'series of Annali, 
containing noteworthy literary and scientific studies, is pub- 
lished by the Normal School. 

Siena 
A city of 26,000 inhabitants, in Tuscany. Long indepen- 



52 Institute of International Education 

dent, Siena developed its own institutions and culture. Its 
University (R. University degli Studi) is descended from the 
Studium of the thirteenth century. Under Napoleon it was 
combined with the University of Pisa, but later its autonomy 
was restored. It was raised to the first class in 1887. At 
present it has the Faculties of Law and of Medicine, each 
giving the complete course leading to the doctorate; and a 
School of Pharmacy. Number of students in 1917-1918: 
311- 

The City Library (Biblioteca Comunale) has about 5,000 
manuscripts and over 100,000 printed books. 

Macerata 

A small town of some 6,000 inhabitants, in the former 
States of the Church. The University (R. University) 
originated as a Law School in the thirteenth century; although 
at times it has had other Faculties, at present it has only the 
Faculty of Law. It was raised to the first grade in 1901. 
Number of students in 1914-1915: 368; 1916-1917: 359. 

Camerino 

An ancient town of about 6,000 inhabitants. Its Free Uni- 
versity (Libera University degli Studi) was founded by Pope 
Benedict XIII in 1727, with Faculties of Theology, Law, 
Philosophy, Mathematics, and Medicine. At present it has 
the Faculties of Law (conferring the doctorate) and Medicine 
(giving the first four years of the six-year course) ; also a 
School of Pharmacy, and a Veterinary School (two years). Its 
courses are recognized as equivalent to those of the Royal 
Universities. Number of students in 191 7-191 8: 329. 

Urbino 

A town which attained a position of great importance in the 
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries under the Montefeltro family; 
now with 7,000 inhabitants. A College of Doctors, created in 
1506, received in 1564 the right to confer degrees. The real 
foundation of the University (Universita Libera Provinciale) 
dates from 1671, when Urbino formed a part of the States of 



Higher Education in Italy 53 

the Church. At present it has the Faculty of Law (whose 
degrees are equivalent to those of the Royal Universities) and 
a School of Pharmacy. It has its own funds, and an annual 
subsidy from the Province. Number of students in 1916-1917 : 
246. 

Perugia 

A city of 20,000 inhabitants, the capital of Umbria. Its Uni- 
versity was organized as Studium Generale in 1308, from 
schools dating from the previous century. During the suc- 
ceeding period its fame was international, and its students 
were organized into "Nations." After the union of Umbria 
with the Kingdom of Italy in i860, the University was classed 
as "Free" (Libera Universita degli Studi). Since 1886 it has 
been autonomous, supported by its own funds, with small sub- 
sidies from the Province and the City of Perugia. It appoints its 
own professors, with the advice of a commission which contains 
three members from other Universities. The Faculties are 
those of Law (full course leading to doctorate) and Medicine 
(four years of the six-year course), with a Veterinary School 
(full course) and a School of Pharmacy. The arrangement of 
courses and the fees paid are the same as in the Royal Univer- 
sities. Number of students in 1917-1918: 282. 

Rome (Roma) 

The capital of Italy since 1871, and before 1870 the capital 
of the States of the Church — 590,960 inhabitants in 191 5. On 
account of its historical, antiquarian and artistic interest, as 
well as its great University, its libraries, schools, academies of 
all sorts, Rome is a center of education and research of the 
greatest importance for foreigners as well as Italians. This im- 
portance as an intellectual center has developed largely since 
1870. Previous to that time the only educational institutions 
were those controlled by the Church. 

I. University (R. Universita degli studi). Founded as 
Studium Urbis by Pope Boniface VIII in 1303, although higher 
studies had been cultivated in the previous century. At times 
it flourished, at other times it declined or was closed. In 1748 



54 Institute of International Education 

the numerous "schools" were reduced to five Faculties: The- 
ology; Law; Medicine; Philosophy and the Arts ; Languages. 
After 1870 the University was reorganized and developed. 
Theology was eliminated in 1873 ; the Faculty of Sciences was 
added, with many special schools. Since 1660 the University 
has occupied the building called la Sapienza, between the 
Corso and the Tiber ; its colonnaded court in two stories, one 
of the finest in Rome, is similar to the courts in many Univer- 
sity buildings in Italy. Here, and in part of an adjoining 
palace, the Faculties of Law and of Letters are now housed. 
The buildings used by the Faculties of Medicine and of 
Sciences are scattered in various parts of the city. There is a 
plan to construct an entirely new group of buildings for the 
University outside the walls, near the great Clinical Hospital 
(Policlinico). 

Under the Faculty of Letters advanced or post-graduate 
courses are offered, and training courses for teachers (Scuola 
di Magistero). A large number of courses are given by Liberi 
Docenti, and there are special Schools of Archeology, of 
Oriental Languages (Semitic, Sanskrit, Chinese, etc.), of 
Medieval and Modern Art. 

Under the Faculty of Sciences, training courses for teachers 
are offered, and a course of Sciences Applied to Agriculture. 
The Mathematical Seminar is noteworthy. This faculty gives 
the doctorate in Physics, Chemistry, Natural Sciences, and 
Mathematics; it also provides the preparatory biennium in 
Engineering. 

Under the Faculty of Law is a School of Applied Criminology 
(Scuola d'Applicazione Giuridico-criminale) , founded in 1912. 

The School of Pharmacy gives the doctorate in Chemistry 
and Pharmacy as well as the professional diploma in Pharmacy. 

The University Library, called Biblioteca Alessandrina after 
its founder, Pope Alexander VH (1667), is in the Sapienza; 
it contains over 180,000 volumes and 115,000 pamphlets (in- 
cluding 65,000 doctoral theses). 

Number of students in 1914-1915: 4,558; 1918-1919: 4,489 
(besides several hundred listeners). Number of official Pro- 
fessors, 119; of Liberi Docenti, 492. 



Higher Education in Italy 55 

2. The Engineering School (R. Scuola di AppHcazione per 
gH Ingegneri), established in 181 7, is separate from the Uni- 
versity. It provides the three years of applied studies which 
lead to the degrees of Civil Engineer and of Architect. Num- 
ber of students in 1914-1915: 597. 

3. Higher Commercial School (R. Istituto Superiore di 
Studi Commerciali). Established 1906. 

4. Higher Normal School for Women (R. Istituto di Magis- 
tero Femminile). Established in 1878. 

5. School of Fine Arts (R. Istituto Superiore di Belle Arti). 
Originally annexed to the Accademia di S. Luca. Gives 
training in Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Anatomy for 
Artists, etc. 

6. School of Music (Liceo Musicale). Established 1876 
as the educational division of the Accademia di S. Cecilia 
(which dates from 1584). Instruction in all branches of Music. 
Frequent concerts are given in the school and in the Augusteo 
(Mausoleum of Augustus, converted into a concert-hall). 

7. Libraries. (A) Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Vittorio 
Emanuele, organized in 1877 by the union of some 75 older 
libraries. Receives current publications. Has over 1,000,000 
volumes, 1,500 incunabula, 6,200 manuscripts. (B) BibHoteca 
Casanatense, founded 1698. Strong in historical works. Has 
130,000 volumes, 2,080 incunabula, 6,000 manuscripts. (C) 
Library of the Senate (Biblioteca del Senato), open to stu- 
dents on introduction by a Senator. About 100,000 volumes; 
especially strong in legal and economic works. (A, B and C 
are in the center of the city, near the University). (D) Vatican 
Library. The most important collection of manuscripts in 
the world (about 60,000). There are also more than 350,000 
printed books, including 3,000 incunabula. Printed cata- 
logues available for certain sections of the library; for others, 
the manuscript catalogue must be consulted. (E) Library 
of the Accademia dei Lincei and Corsini Library (Corsiniana). 
These Libraries combined have about 100,000 volumes, over 
2,000 incunabula, over 2,500 manuscripts. The most ex- 
tensive collection in Italy of the publications of Learned 
Societies and Academies of all countries, many of which are 



56 Institute of International Education 

obtained by exchange for the pubUcations of the Accademia 
dei Lincei. (F) Library for American Studies in Italy, founded 
in 1918, opened in 1920, in Palazzo Salviati, 271 Corso Um- 
berto I, contains books about America, and a selection of 
Italian books for the use of Americans. 

8. Pontifical Gregorian University (Pontificia Universita 
Gregoriana). Founded in the sixteenth century, and named 
for Pope Gregory XIII. Has three Faculties: Philosophy, 
Theology, Law. These Faculties confer the degree of Doctor 
of Philosophy after a course of three years ; Doctor of Theology 
after four years; Doctor of Canon Law after three. 

This and other ecclesiastical schools, entirely independent 
of the State, provide for the training of priests. In addition, 
there are in Rome several national seminaries for candidates 
for the priesthood coming from foreign countries. 

9. International Institute of Agriculture (Istituto Inter- 
nazionale d'Agricoltura). Organized in 1905 by forty states, 
and since joined by fifteen more, each represented by a dele- 
gate. The delegates form a permanent Commission, which 
proposes to gather and distribute information of every kind 
concerning Agriculture, and to promote the progress of Agri- 
cultural Science and the interests of agriculturists. The 
Institute has a Library of over 70,000 volumes, and receives 
some 3,000 journals. It issues Bulletins and other publica- 
tions in Italian, French, English and Spanish. 

10. Many foreign nations maintain Schools or Academies 
in Rome. The one of most interest to Americans is The 
American Academy in Rome, which was formed in 19 12 by 
the union of the School of Fine Arts and the School of Classical 
Studies, both of which were established in 1894. It occupies 
a fine building on the Janiculum Hill (via Angelo Masina), 
which contains, beside living-quarters for the Faculty and 
students, class-rooms, studios, a fine Library and a Museum 
of Antiquities. It is supported by its own funds and by con- 
tributions from Universities in America, and offers admirable 
opportunities for study to a limited number of advanced 
students. It publishes a series of Memoirs. Further infor- 
mation may be obtained by addressing the Secretary of the 



Higher Education in Italy 57 

Academy, or its office in New York City (care of C. Grant La 
Farge, loi Park Ave.). The Academy is the representative in 
Italy of the American University Union in Europe. 

Naples (NapoH) 

The largest city in Italy (697,917 inhabitants in 191 5), 
with the largest University, important Libraries and a unique 
Museum. After many years under Spanish influence, as 
capital of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, it was united to 
the Kingdom of Italy in i860. 

1. The University (R. Universita degli Studi) was founded 
by Emperor Frederick II in 1224, as a rival to that of Bologna 
in the study of Law and Theology. In 1252 it was moved to 
Salerno, and joined to the Medical School which had existed 
there since the eleventh century. After a few years the entire 
University, including the Medical Faculty, was transferred 
to Naples, where it flourished intermittently, and did not 
become truly important until after the passage of a special 
law in 1 861, providing for its development. It is unique 
among Italian Universities in having five Faculties in place 
of the usual four, there being two separate Faculties of Sci- 
ences, Mathematical and Natural, besides those of Law, Medi- 
cine, and Letters. Under the Faculty of Letters, beside the 
required subjects, courses are offered in English, German and 
Modern Greek Literatures, in Dante, in Sanskrit, in Pompeian 
Antiquities, in Experimental Psychology; also normal courses. 
Under the Faculty of Law is a school which prepares for 
diplomatic and consular service. Connected with the Faculty 
of Natural Sciences are an important Botanic Garden, an 
Astronomical Observatory, a Vesuvian Observatory, and the 
famous Zoological Station (R. Stazione Zoologica), founded 
in 1 87 1, the most important station in the world for the 
study of marine biology, with laboratories and the noted 
Aquarium. The Medical Faculty has an immense number of 
Liberi Docenti, and extraordinary clinical facilities. Number 
of students in 1914-1915: 4,580; in 1917-1918: 9,387. 

2. Polytechnic (R. Scuola Superiore Politecnica). This 
is the oldest Engineering School in Italy, having been founded 



58 Institute of International Education 

in 1811 as a school for engineers of roads and bridges. In 
1863 it was put under the regulations governing the Engineer- 
ing School in Turin. In 1905 it was given its present name 
and organization. The two preparatory years are given in 
combination with the Mathematical Faculty of the Univer- 
sity. The three years of applied study lead to the degrees of 
Civil, Industrial, or Naval Engineer, and of Architect. The 
course in Industrial Engineering is divided into Chemical 
and Electromechanical sections. Number of students in 
1917-1918: 1,688. 

3. Veterinary School (R. Scuola Superiore di Medicina 
Veterinaria) , founded in 1798. Course of four years, leading 
to degree of Dottore in Zooiatria. Number of students in 
1916-1917: 70; in 1917-1918: 45. 

4. Oriental Institute (R. Istituto Orientale). Founded as 
Chinese College in 1727, entirely reorganized in 1888, and 
again in 1913, being put under the Ministry of the Colonies. 
It has two sections: (i) Languages (Albanian, Arabic, Berber, 
Chinese, Japanese, Turkish, Serbian, Russian, Modern Greek, 
etc.); (2) Colonial Culture (Ethnology, Geography, Hygiene, 
Legislation, etc.). 

5. Libraries. (A) Biblioteca Nazionale, with 400,000 vol- 
umes, 230,000 pamphlets, 4,220 incunabula, 8,000 manu- 
scripts. (B) Biblioteca Universitaria, with 300,000 volumes, 
100,000 pamphlets. 

Bari 

A seaport on the Adriatic, with 109,000 inhabitants. The 
Higher Commercial School (R. Istituto Superiore di Studi 
Commerciali) , inaugurated in 1876, has a commercial course 
and a consular course. Instruction is given in the ordinary 
commercial subjects, and in the French, English, German, 
Spanish and Albanian languages. 

Palermo 

The largest city in Sicily, with 346,000 inhabitants in 191 5. 
Previous efforts to found a University having been unsuc- 
cessful, in 1 78 1 the Accademia di Scienze e Lettere obtained 



Higher Education in Italy 59 

the right to confer degrees in Philosophy, Theology, La-w- 
and Medicine. This Academy was made into a University 
in 1805; and in 1841, under the new Regulations for the 
three Sicilian Universities, it was divided into five Faculties. 
After the Union of Sicily with the Kingdom of Italy in i860, 
the three Universities came under the laws governing those 
on the mainland. At present the University of Palermo 
(R. Universita degli Studi) has the Faculties of Law, Medi- 
cine, Sciences, and Letters, with Normal Courses, a School 
of Pharmacy, and a School of Engineering giving the three 
years of applied study in Engineering and in Architecture. 
The Botanic Garden has an important colonial section, with 
large experimental fields and greenhouses. The small Uni- 
versity Library supplements the Biblioteca Nazionale (with 
more than 200,000 volumes) and the Biblioteca Comunale 
(with more than 160,000 volumes), both particularly rich in 
Sicilian authors and editions. Number of students in 1914- 
1915: 1,776; 1918-1919: 2,435. 

Catania 

An important seaport with 217,000 inhabitants. Its Uni- 
versity (R. Universita degli Studi) was founded in 1434 as a 
Studium Generale. It has the Faculties of Law, Medicine, 
Sciences, and Letters, with Normal Courses and a School of 
Pharmacy. Number of students in 1914-1915: 1,326; in 
1917-1918: 1,629. 

Messina 

A city of about 150,000 inhabitants, whose development, 
with that of its University, was interrupted by the earthquake 
of December 28, 1908. The University (R. Universita degli 
Studi) was founded in 1548, later suppressed, and reestablished 
in 1838. It was made of the first grade in 1885. Having sur- 
vived the earthquake, it now contains the Faculties of Law, 
Medicine (giving four years of the six-year course), Sciences, 
and Letters, with Normal Courses and a School of Phar- 
macy. Number of students in 1914-1915: 488; in 191 8- 
1919: 421. 



6o Institute of International Education 

Cagliari 

The chief city of Sardinia, with 55,765 inhabitants. Previ- 
ous to the formation of the Kingdom of Italy, this island 
with Piedmont and Savoy made up the Kingdom of Sardinia. 
The University (R. University degli Studi), inaugurated in 
1626, was in 1859 one of those governed by the Casati Law. 
It was made of the first grade in 1902. It has three Faculties: 
Law, Medicine, and Sciences, with a School of Pharmacy. 
Number of students in 1914-1915: 283; in 1918-1919: 437. 

Sassari 

The second city of Sardinia, with 36,000 inhabitants. The 
University (R. University degli Studi) was created in 161 7 
from a CoUegio existing since 1558. The Casati Law of 1859 
provided for its suppression, but this provision was revoked; 
the University was made of the second grade in 1877, of the 
first grade in 1902. It has two Faculties: Law and Medicine, 
with a School of Pharmacy. Number of students in 1914- 
1915; 153; in 1918-1919: 217. 

Learned Societies 

Nearly all the important cultural centers in Italy, including 
many small towns, have their Academies of Sciences and 
Letters, or other Societies of the kind. Historical Commissions, 
Archives, Libraries, etc. Many of these organizations issue 
publications, containing material which is frequently of great 
scholarly importance; but these publications, except a few 
of the better-known ones, are often difficult to find outside of 
Italy, even in the largest libraries. In addition to the local 
organizations, there are several Associations of national 
scope, a few of which may well be mentioned here. 

I. Society for the Advancement of Science (Societa 
Italiana per il Progresso delle Scienze), founded in 1907. 
This Society holds an annual Congress, at which papers in all 
lines of scientific activity are presented and discussed; the 
papers being afterwards published in volumes of "Atti." 
Headquarters Csede) in Rome. 



Higher Education in Italy 6i 

2. Societies to promote the study of different Sciences: 
Societa Botanica Italiana (sede in Florence), Societa Chimica 
Italiana (sede in Milan), Societa Geografica Italiana (sede 
in Rome), Societa Geologica Italiana (sede in Rome), Society 
Zoologica Italiana (sede in Rome), and various others. 

3. Societa Dantesca Italiana (sede in Florence, branches 
in Milan, Padua, Venice, Rome). Publishes a quarterly 
Bullettino and critical editions of Dante's works; maintains 
readings and lectures (Lectura Dantis). Not to be confused 
with the Societa Nazionale Dante Alighieri ("La Dante"), 
whose objects are patriotic and general rather than scholarly 
(sede in Rome). 

4. Societa Nazionale per la Storia del Risorgimento Italiano 
(founded 1906; sede in Rome, branches elsewhere). Pub- 
lishes a Rivista Storica del Risorgimento and a Bollettino. 

5. Society Italiana per la Diffusione e I'lncoraggiamento 
degli Studi Classici (founded 1897; has branches in various 
cities, sede in Florence; publishes monthly review Atene e 
Roma). 

6. Istituto per la Propaganda della Cultura Italiana (sede 
in Rome, 5 via Campidoglio; publishes bibliographical guides 
and monthly review Italia che Scrive). 

7. Unione Generale degl* Insegnanti Italiani (sede in Rome, 
branches elsewhere; similar to "N. E. A." in America; mem- 
bership open to teachers of all grades, including University 
professors; various publications and activities. Founded 
during the war, and incorporated in 191 7). 

8. Touring Club Italiano (sede in Milan, 10 Corso Italia; 
founded 1894; publishes monthly Rivista, also maps and 
guide-books of Italy; membership open to foreigners; agencies 
in Rome, etc.). 



PREVIOUS PUBLICATIONS 
1919 

Announcement of Founding of Institute. 

1920 

Bulletin No. i. First Annual Report of the Director. 

Bulletin No. 2. For Administrative Authorities of Universities and 

Colleges. 
Bulletin No. 3. Observations on Higher Education in Europe. 
Opportunities for Higher Education in France. 
Opportunities for Graduate Study in the British Isles. 

For the International Relations Clubs 

Syllabus No. I. Outline of the Covenant of the League of Nations. 
Syllabus No. II. The Past, Present and Future of the Monroe Doctrine. 
Syllabus No. III. The History of Russia from Earliest Times. 
Syllabus No. IV. The Russian Revolution. 
Syllabus No. V. The Question of the Balkans. 
Syllabus No. VI. Modern Mexican History. 

I92I 

Bulletin No. i. Second Annual Report of the Director. 



ADVISORY COUNCIL 



Addams, Jane 
Alderman, President Edwin 
Ames, Dean Herman V. 
Andrews, Fanny Fern 
Biggs, Dr. Herman 
Blakeslee, Professor G. H. 
Brookings, Robert S. 
Bru^re, Henry 
Bull, Dr. Carroll G. 
Burton, President M. L. 
Byrne, James 

Coolidge, Professor Archibald 
Cravath, Paul D. 
Cunliffe, Professor J. W. 
Davis, Katherine B. 
Downer, Professor Charles A. 
Ely, Professor Richard T. 
Filene, A. Lincoln 
Finley, Dr. John H. 
Fosdick, Dr. Harry E. 
Gilbert, Cass 
Gildersleeve, Dean V. C. 
Goodnow, President F. J. 
Hadley, Dr. A. T. 
Hale, Dr. George E. 
Harringron, Governor E. C. 
Hazen, Professor Charles D. 
Hibben, President J. G. 
Howe, Professor Henry M. 
Hughes, Hon. Charles E. 
Jenks, Professor Jeremiah 
Judson, President H. P. 
Keppel, Frederick P. 
Keyser, Professor C. J. 
Lovett, President Edgar 
Lowell, President A. L. 
MacCracken, President H. N. 



Mali, Pierre 

Main, President J. H. T. 
Mannes, David 
Marling, Alfred E. 
Meiklejohn, President A. 
Milliken, Professor R. A. 
Moore, Professor E. H. 
Morgan, William Fellowes 
Neilson, President W. A. 
Noyes, Professor Arthur A. 
Payne, President Bruce R. 
Pendleton, President Ellen T. 
Pupin, Professor Michael L 
Putnam, Herbert 
Richardson, Dr. E. C. 
Robinson, Dr. Edward 
Sachs, Professor Julius 
Salmon, Dr. Thomas W. 
Schwedtman, Ferdinand C. 
Severance, Mrs. C. A. 
Shanklin, President W. A. 
Shorey, Professor Paul 
Shotwell, Professor J. T. 
Showerman, Professor Grant 
Stimson, Henry L. 
Stokes, Dr. Anson Phelps 
Storey, Professor Thomas A. 
Suzzallo, President Henry 
Thomas, President M. Carey 
Todd, Professor Henry A. 
Townsend, Hon. John G. 
Vincent, Dr. George E. 
Wald, Lillian D. 
White, Professor Henry C. 
Wilkins, Professor Ernest H. 
Wilson, Professor George G. 
Woodbridge, Dean F. J. E. 



WooUey, President Mary E. 



Lf.S?^''^ ^^ CONGRESS 

mi 

022 134 705 5 i 



